Surplus Parts & Equipment
Dr Alex UR4LL has quite a few Russian electronics parts and some equipment for sale. The list is updated periodically, and some items have pictures (click on links for details and/or pictures of each item); (Email UR4LL for details). If your email program does not pick up the "drgavva" email link, his address is "drgavva" followed by "@" and "gmail.com". Alternate email address is "ur4ll@gmx.com".
It is also possible to contact Dr Alex via Skype, address: alexgavva
Or connect via Facebook
Parcel Tracking
The most popular QRO words in Russian and their translation you can find here
NOTE:
For Russian bipolar transistors , FETs, ICs, etc, contact UR4LL directly with your inquiry.
TRIODES
$120
Essential Parts for GS35B Socket from industrial PA
You can see designs with GS35B: #1, #2, #3
The most concentrated info about GS35b
You can see designs with GS35B: #1, #2, #3
The most concentrated info about GS35b
SOLD
GS31B
Almost identical to GS-35B except 1KW anode instead
of 1.5KW, and designed for almost TWICE the tube life 1200W out thru 432 MHz.
Original factory package.
(NOTE from ND2X: Two GS-31B triodes will outperform a pair of 3CX800's at less than 20% of the cost).
NOTE: All GS35b schematics are OK for GS31b.
(NOTE from ND2X: Two GS-31B triodes will outperform a pair of 3CX800's at less than 20% of the cost).
NOTE: All GS35b schematics are OK for GS31b.
SOLD
GS9B300W on HF to 432MHz
$10 without cooler, $15 with cooler
GI7B & GI7BT 300-400W, HF to 300MHz; 250W thru 23cm)
$25
not for sale, easy to build
GI70B & GI70BT
Absolutely same as GI7B and GI7BT only without coolers.
Can be used as a spare tubes.
Absolutely same as GI7B and GI7BT only without coolers.
Can be used as a spare tubes.
$20
$95
$45
SOLD
$20 per pair
TETRODES
813
Pair of them run 1kW easy without cooling and the associated blower noise.
Pair of them run 1kW easy without cooling and the associated blower noise.
$35
$15
6P45S Sweep Tube - $20, Socket - $2.
Similar to PL519 except the heater voltage is 6.3V. SK509 type Socket - $2
Similar to PL519 except the heater voltage is 6.3V. SK509 type Socket - $2
GS15B 500+ W on 23 cm in KD5FZX PA design - $10.
Socket - $15.
HF Socket - $20.
NOTE: GS15B also runs 400 W on HV and 6m.
Socket - $15.
HF Socket - $20.
NOTE: GS15B also runs 400 W on HV and 6m.
GS23B
1.5KW on 70cm; N7ART, KD5FZX, K5GW
PAs (same as 4CX1600U; similar to YL1050)
NOTE: GS23B also runs 2 kW on HF and 6m.
1.5KW on 70cm; N7ART, KD5FZX, K5GW
PAs (same as 4CX1600U; similar to YL1050)
NOTE: GS23B also runs 2 kW on HF and 6m.
$95
GS36B
(4CX400A) - SOLD; Is direct plug-in on/to 4cx150 to 4cx400 family. Ken, KM3F runs 600W with a single GS36b on 6m.
Read Ken's message
Read Ken's message
GU29 dual beam tetrode$10, socket $5
This is a small glass tetrodes widely used in Eastern Eu for building 100W PA; roughly equivalent to SRS4451, QQE06/40, RS1009, 5894, CV2797, 829B - US made.
See description simple Russian 400 W anode multiplier PA with 4 GU29.
This is a small glass tetrodes widely used in Eastern Eu for building 100W PA; roughly equivalent to SRS4451, QQE06/40, RS1009, 5894, CV2797, 829B - US made.
See description simple Russian 400 W anode multiplier PA with 4 GU29.
GU34B
Tube is NIB, passed military control. Works up to 250 MHz, Ua max 2.5kV. Base similar to GU43b. It will do 1KW on HF with no problem. Sometimes it works better than GU74b.
GU34B PA with original socket
GU-34b original socket - SOLD
NOTE: GU34B is able to work without any air cooling up to 350mA with plate voltage 2kV
Schematics with GU-34b are available at:
1) 900 W PA
2) 1 kW PA
Tube is NIB, passed military control. Works up to 250 MHz, Ua max 2.5kV. Base similar to GU43b. It will do 1KW on HF with no problem. Sometimes it works better than GU74b.
GU34B PA with original socket
GU-34b original socket - SOLD
NOTE: GU34B is able to work without any air cooling up to 350mA with plate voltage 2kV
Schematics with GU-34b are available at:
1) 900 W PA
2) 1 kW PA
GU35B
Good through 250 MHz,Anode dissipation rating 3.5kW, Ua max 5kV.
It's easy to build a socket for this tube: GU35B basement - Note that the central pin is Grid 1.
Good through 250 MHz,Anode dissipation rating 3.5kW, Ua max 5kV.
It's easy to build a socket for this tube: GU35B basement - Note that the central pin is Grid 1.
SOLD
$95
$75
SOLD, $15 socket
GU74b 250MHz (4CX800a exact quality copy made by Svetlana) tetrode Tube
$140
GU-74B socket with anode clamp
$60
GU-74B socket similar to above without anode clamp
SOLD
GU78B Tube
$565
Socket for GU78B tetrode
$100
$450
$50
PENTODES
GU46 pentode (exclusively linear tube)
800-1000W, similar to 4-1000A or QB5/1750
See picture of power amplifier with this tube.
800-1000W, similar to 4-1000A or QB5/1750
See picture of power amplifier with this tube.
$60
GK71 Pentode - $30
sockets - SOLD
Doubled Socket with Stabilitrones - $40
Two of these tubes run 1kW without cooling & associated blower noise. Equivalent to 471 (or RS-471?).
See schematics #1, #2, #3, #4,
sockets - SOLD
Doubled Socket with Stabilitrones - $40
Two of these tubes run 1kW without cooling & associated blower noise. Equivalent to 471 (or RS-471?).
See schematics #1, #2, #3, #4,
GU81M - SOLD, socket - $40
Two of these tubes run 3kW without cooling and the associated blower noise. It is possibly to undress tube for its height reducing.
See schematic.
See schematic.
2Zh27L Widely used pentode for Russian military receivers
$3
SOCKETS
The simplest socket for GI7B - not for sale, how to build.
$25
$20 per pair
$15
SOLD
$15
$10
$15
$15
$20
SK1a Socket for GU-74B
$30
GU-74B socket with anode clamp
$60
GU-74B socket similar to above without anode clamp
$30
Socket for GU78B tetrode
$100
SK620 Socket OK for GU-74B
$25
MISCELLANEOUS
$30 per pair
$1 per pair
Thyratron TGI 1-1000/25, 1000A@25kV
(A thyratron is a type of gas filled tube used as a high energy electrical switch and controlled rectifier)
(A thyratron is a type of gas filled tube used as a high energy electrical switch and controlled rectifier)
$40
RF Probe Use with RF transformers
$3
MICROPHONES
Dynamic Russian stand microphone MD-380A New in box. Provides excellent audio quality with any tranceiver.
$12
TURNS COUNTERS & Reducers
Compact Turns counters (40, 23,18,13 turns) OK for vac var capacitors and inductors -$30( 40&23 turns), $25 (18 turns), $20 (13 turns)
Turns counter (40 turns) OK for vac var capacitors and inductor
$30
Turns Counter for 8 and 20 turns with front panel , outside mounting
$30
Compact Turns Counter 85 turns outside mounting
$22
1:5 Wall Mount Reducer with tuning knob
$10
1:20 Reducer outside mounting
$10
1:10 Reducer outside mounting
$8
Reducer with Mortor 12-27VDC OK for VVCs,roller coils, etc
$15
METERS
Size 60x60mm Meters requires 50mm diameter wall hole:
1A - $12 each
1mA -$10ea - OK for RF out
10mA -$10ea - OK for RF out
100mA-0-100mA - OK for Grid current control- $10 each
20A - $12 with bypass
50A - $12 with bypass
1A - $12 each
1mA -$10ea - OK for RF out
10mA -$10ea - OK for RF out
100mA-0-100mA - OK for Grid current control- $10 each
20A - $12 with bypass
50A - $12 with bypass
$10 each
$15 each
RELAYS
Aviation use 1kW compact relay ( 30mm diam, 60mm height), $18
Amplifier picture with these relays
1kW PA with 2xGK71
Amplifier picture with these relays
1kW PA with 2xGK71
RF Relay
>1000 W (for HF) open-frame relay, 24-27VDC coil (use for HV, e.g. 3kV 2A is no problem; NOTE: 20A at 30 MHz )
RF Relay in HF Power Amplifier
RF Relay in 10kW HF Power Amplifier
RF Relay in HF Power Amplifier
RF Relay in 10kW HF Power Amplifier
$19
RF Relay: Small size open frame relays (OK for GU74b); It is
possible to use these relays for Pi circuits with 1 kW and more.
See picture these relays used in 1 kW PA
See picture these relays used in 1 kW PA
$15
RF Relay: Open frame 2 position relays. Using a pair of these
relays it is possibly to build 5 bands switcher for Pi-circuit. It has neutral position if it is tongue directed to down, I kW it is not a problem for
it. Russians call it "tongue of my mother-in-law"
$15
REW-14 1500 W (thru 650 MHz) 50 ohm coaxial relay with 3 cable connectors
REW-14 relays are widely used at Germany club station DR9A for switching their numerous antennas.
No failures during many years with power up to 3 kW
REW-14 relays are widely used at Germany club station DR9A for switching their numerous antennas.
No failures during many years with power up to 3 kW
$45
3m long 50ohm cable with 2connectors OK for REW-14
$17ea
REW14 angle connector OK for RG213
$5ea
REW14 straight connector OK for RG213
$4ea
REW-15 1500 W (thru 650 MHz) 75 ohm coaxial relay with 3 cable connectors
Seewriteup for notes on using this relay in 50 ohm PAs, especiallyHF and 6M - no sweat!!
Are able to work up to 3 kW similar to REW-14 (See note above)
Seewriteup for notes on using this relay in 50 ohm PAs, especiallyHF and 6M - no sweat!!
Are able to work up to 3 kW similar to REW-14 (See note above)
$23
3kW Antenna Switch with 6 REW-15 relays without cable connectors.Front panel of this switch
REW15 connector CP-75-167 - OK for 10-14mm OD cables
$3ea
REW15 connector - with teflon cable
$5ea
REW15 connector For small diam cables,5-9mm OD
$4ea
REW16 1000W on HF (500W thru 1000 MHz - usable at 1296MHz) 50 ohm coaxial relay with 3 cable connectors ( OK for RG-213)
$35
$10ea
$5ea
REW16 connector #4 For small diam cables, 4mm OD and less
$4ea
REW16 connector #5 - with cable ( up to1m long)
$6ea
REW17 75 ohm relay, works up to 23cm
$15
Russian SPDT P1W-1 relay OK for up to 5kW, 24VDC coil.
$55
Russian SPDT P1D-1W relay OK for 500W-1.5kW, 24VDC coil. Works up to 72MHz
$29
B1B
Vacuum Relay, 3KV, 10A at 30 MHz
$23 each
Not for sale
B2B Vacuum Relay, 4KV, 15A -
4kV@15A relay @ 30 MHz, 5.5kV@35A relay @ 3Mhz. Its coil is 24VDC
B2B Relay in HF Power Amplifier
B2B Relay in HF Power Amplifier
RPA12
polarized RF relay; input circuits of HF PA with 80-100W or more, 30-40W up to 150 MHz - 13 VDC coil models -$5 and 27VDC coil models- $4
AMPLIFIERS & KITS
400W Solid StateHF Amplifier Includes Skanty PA Unit and box
Side view
Its description with schematics and mods made by Thomas ,OZ1JTE See its 750W Powes Supply in the next ad.
Side view
Its description with schematics and mods made by Thomas ,OZ1JTE See its 750W Powes Supply in the next ad.
$250
40 Euro
WIREWOUND RESISTORS
10 Ohm 10W
$2
10 Ohm 25W
$3
15 Ohm 7.5W
$3
20 Ohm 3W
$2
20 Ohm 10W
$3
$15 per pair
20 Ohm 150W
$12
$5
$5
$5
$5
$10
$4
51 Ohm 75W
$7
82 Ohm 25W
$4
$7
100 Ohm 100W
$6
100 Ohm 25W
$4
180 Ohm 100W
$6
300 Ohm 15W
$4
$5
680 Ohm 10W
$3
$5
$5
2 kOhm 25W
$4
2.4 kOhm 7W
$3
$5
$5
3 kOhm 7.5W
$2
$2
$6
5.1 kOhm 50W
$5
5.1 kOhm 25W
$4
5.1 kOhm 15W
$3
7.5 kOhm 25W
$4
$6
8.2 kOhm 25W
$4
24 kOhm 10W
$3
$10
Big power inductive wire resistors are possible according to your request
INSULATORS
$5ea
Insulator for Big Vetical easy to mount
$20
Big Antenna Insulator. Length - 70mm, hole -10mm diam
$5 each
$8 each - Good for high power.
Antenna Insulators - Ceramic (pictured top, $1 each, pictured bottom, $1.50 each)
$10 each
$3 each
$10 each
CAPACITORS
HV Capacitors for Rectifiers:
40 microFarad, 5KV Oil-filled, K75-40a type
10.5x17x21cm size,21cm is height with electrodes
10.5x17x21cm size,21cm is height with electrodes
SOLD
20 microFarad, 5KV Oil-filled, K75-40a type
10.5x9x20cm size,20cm is height with electrodes
10.5x9x20cm size,20cm is height with electrodes
SOLD
60 microFarad, 4KV Oil-filled, K75-40a type
10.5x17x20cm size,20cm is height with electrodes
10.5x17x20cm size,20cm is height with electrodes
$100
100 microFarad, 3KV Oil-filled, K75-40a type
10.5x14.5x20cm size,20cm is height with electrodes
10.5x14.5x20cm size,20cm is height with electrodes
SOLD
100 microFarad, 3KV Oil-filled,K75-28 type
14x8.5x25cm size,25cm is height with electrodes
14x8.5x25cm size,25cm is height with electrodes
$100
K15U-1 door knob type
1 pF 10kV 6 kVar
$4
1.5 pF 6kV 5 kVar
$3
2.2 pF 6kV 5 kVar
$3
3.3 pF 6kV 5 kVar
$3
4.7 pF 3.5kV 4 kVar
$3
4.7 pF 6kV 7kVar
$4
6.8 pF 3.5kV 6 kVar
$4
6.8 pF 10kV
$4
6.8 pF 10kV
$3
10 pF 3.5kV
$3
10 pF 6kV
$4
10 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
10 pF 10kV 20kVar
$7
10 pF 25kV 50kVar
SOLD
15 pF 3.5kV 4 kVar
$3
15 pF 6kV 7 kVar
$4
15 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
15 pF 15kV 35kVar
$7
18 pF 3.5kV 4 kVar
$3
18 pF 6kV 5 kVar
$4
18 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
22 pF 3.5kV 4kVar
$3
22 pF 6kV 5kVar
$4
22 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
22 pF 10kV 40kVar
$6
27 pF 3.5kV
$3
27 pF 6kV 5kVar
$4
27 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
33 pF 3.5kV
$3
33 pF 6kV
$3
33 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
33 pF 10kV 20kVar
$6
33 pF 25kV 125kVar
$13
39 pF 3.5kV 4 kVar
$3
39 pF 6kV 7kVar
$4
47 pF 3.5kV
$3
47 pF 6kV 7kVar
$4
47 pF 6kV 30 kVar
$5
47 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
47 pF 25kV 160 kVar
$16
56 pF 3.5kV
$3
56 pF 6kV 7kVar
$4
56 pF 10kV 8kVar
$5
68 pF 3.5kV
$3
68 pF 6kV 7kVar
$5
68 pF 10kV 8kVar
$6
68 pF 15kV 14kVar
SOLD
100 pF 3.5kV 4kVar
$3
100 pF 6kV 7kVar
$5
100 pF 10kV 9KVAR
SOLD
100 pF 20kV 25KVAR
$10
150 pF3,5kV 6KVAR
$4
150 pF 6kV 7KVAR
$7
150 pF 10kV 9KVAR
SOLD
150 pF 20kV 30KVAR
$10
220 pF 3.5kV/8KVAR
$5
220 pF 15kV 25KVAR
SOLD
330 pF 3.5kV 8KVAR
$5
330 pF 4kV 15KVAR
SOLD
330 pF 6kV/20KVAR
SOLD
330 pF15kV/30KVAR
$10
330 pF 20kV 50 kVar
$12
470 pF 4kV/20KVAR
SOLD
470 pF 6kV 25 kVar
$8
470 pF 15kV/40KVAR
$9
680 pF 4kV/25KVAR
$6
1000 pF 4kV/30KVAR
$7
1000 pF 6kV/40KVAR
$9
1500 pF 15kV
$14
1500 pF 15kV/90KVAR
SOLD
K15U-2 Capacitors
150 pF 10 kV 75 kVar
$10
$6
KVI-1 RF Capacitors
KVI-3 door knob type
$4
SOLD
SOLD
$9
SOLD
$10
$5
K15-5 Disk Ceramic
$0.25
$0.25
$0.5
$0.25
$0.5
3300pF 3kV
SOLD
4700 pF 1.6kV 12kVar
$0.5
4700pF 3kV 15kVar
$1
6800 pF 1.6 kV
$0.50
10.000 pF 1.6kV 10kVar
SOLD
Mica capacitors
KSO-8 2000 pF 2,5 kV
$2
KSO-8 10 000 pF 1 kV
$2
Teflon capacitors
Trimmers
Vacuum capacitors
$7
25pF 10kV
$10
25pF 15kV
$11
30pF 15kV
$11
SOLD
50pF 15kV
$12
SOLD
50pF 20kV Made in UK
$13
$12
SOLD
$12
100pF 25kV
$12
100pF 20kV Made in UK
$15
$14
SOLD
SOLD
250pF 15kV
SOLD
$20
Vacuum Variable capacitors
KP1-4(КП1-4)model 3-50 pF 25 KV 50A max dia. 75mm, max len. 179mm (with shaft)
SOLD
KP1-4(КП1-4)model 5-100 pF 25 KV 50 A max dia. 87mm, max len. 191mm (with shaft)
$95
KP1-8(КП1-8)model 5-250pF 5KV 35A max dia. 70mm, max len. 156mm (incl shaft)
$130
KP1-4(КП1-4)model 7.5-350pF 10kV 50A max dia. 100mm, max len. 249mm (with shaft)
SOLD
KP1-4(КП1-4)model 10-500 pF 10 KV 50A max dia. 115mm, max len. 254mm (with shaft)
$140
KP1-8(КП1-8)model 15-750pF 5KV 35A max dia. 108mm, max len. 200mm (incl shaft)
(measured capacity is 10-780pF)
(measured capacity is 10-780pF)
SOLD
KP1-4(КП1-4)model 20-1000pF 10KV 50A max dia. 145mm, max len. 278mm (incl shaft)
$145
KP1-12(КП1-12)model 10-1200pF 4KV 75A max dia. 96mm, max len. 200mm
without turns counter and mounting hardware.
Its turns counter -$20, mounting hardware -$30
without turns counter and mounting hardware.
Its turns counter -$20, mounting hardware -$30
$140
7kW PA with this capacitor Aldo, IU8AIB uses 7300V plate voltage in it
Compact Turns counters (40,18,13 turns) OK for vac var capacitors and inductors
$30(40turns),$25 (18 turns),$20 (13 turns)
Turns counter (40 turns). OK for vac var capacitors and inductors
$30
$5,$10
Air Variable capacitors
Compact Air Var Capacitor 2x(8-535) pF
$10
Hi-quality (ceramic, bearings) 4X500pF with reducer.
Widely used in Russian HF PA designs
Widely used in Russian HF PA designs
$45
Compact 15-1000pF Air variable - Wide spaced
SOLD
$40
KNOBS
50mm diam Tuning Knobs for 6mm shaft include set screw
$6ea
75mm diam Tuning Knobs for 6mm shaft include set screw
$6ea
$1-5 ask for price
Elegant Tuning Knobs (lower part 44mm,33mm,27mm diam) for 6mm shaft include set screw
$4ea,$3ea,$2ea.
56mm plastic knob for 6mm shaft includes set screw
$6
$1 each
SOLD
SWITCHES
11 position, ceramic:
1 wafer - $3; 2 wafer - $4; 3 wafer - $5; 4 wafer - $6; 5 wafer - $7
Used by Russian Hams in GS-35B amplifiers.
See picture for an application. It is better to insulate switch from front panel.
Tuning knobs, are OK for 11 position ceramic switch - $1 each
Used by Russian Hams in GS-35B amplifiers.
See picture for an application. It is better to insulate switch from front panel.
Tuning knobs, are OK for 11 position ceramic switch - $1 each
Heavy Duty switch #1. Good to 5KW
$25
Heavy Duty switch #2. Good to 5KW
$10
ROLLER COILS
Roller Coil 22 Turns of 1cm width copper strip,OK up to 7kW, body size LxWxH=26x12x14cm
7kW PA with this Roller Coil Aldo, IU8AIB uses 7300V plate voltage in it
7kW PA with this Roller Coil Aldo, IU8AIB uses 7300V plate voltage in it
$65
Roller Coil 24 Turns of 1cm width copper strip, OK up to 5kW, body size LxWxH=22x15x17cm
$70
$50
Large Roller Coil 38 Turns, made from 1cm width copper strip
$65
Turns counter (40 turns). OK for vac var capacitors and inductors
$30
FIXED INDUCTORS
42 turns coil,2.5mm diam wire, 17uH total length 143mm
$12
46 turns HQ coil, 90uH total length 49cm
$45
Small Coil, 60uH without ferrite inside
$2
$15
42 turns coil on 50mm ceramic form, 47uH height 110mm
$12
8t tapped coil for power on higher HF bands
$20
ZENER DIODES
D815A - 5.6V@1.5A
$0.25
D815B - 6.8V@1.2A
$0.25
D815W - 8.2V@1A
$0.25
D815G - 10V@800mA
$0.25
D815D - 12V@650mA
$0.25
D815E - 15V@550mA
$0.25
D815ZH - 18V@450mA
$0.25
D816A - 22V@230mA
$0.25
D816B - 27V@180mA
$0.25
D816W - 33V@150mA
$0.25
D816G - 36V@130mA
$0.25
D816D - 47V@110mA
$0.25
D817A - 56V@90mA
$0.25
D817B - 68V@75mA
$0.25
D817W - 82V@60mA
$0.25
D817G - 100V@50mA
$0.25
Antenna Tuners
Antennas & Antenna Parts
$40 per pair
Insulator for Big Vetical easy to mount
$20
Big Antenna Insulator
Length - 70mm, hole -10mm diam
Length - 70mm, hole -10mm diam
$5 each
Antenna Insulator
Good for high power
Good for high power
$5 each
Antenna Insulators - Ceramic (pictured top, $1 each, pictured bottom SOLD)
$10 each
ANTENNA ANALYZERS
RigExpert Antenna Analyzers Detailed Info RigExpert AA-30.ZERO Analyzer Kit 60kHz-30Mhz, Ready for Use
$80
Video(eng)
RigExpert AA-35 ZOOM Analyzer 60kHz-35Mhz, 2Yrs Guarantee
$250
RigExpert AA-55 ZOOM Analyzer 60kHz-55Mhz, 2Yrs Guarantee
$320
RigExpert AA-55 ZOOM Bluetooth Analyzer 60kHz-55Mhz, 2Yrs Guarantee
$360
RigExpert AA-230 ZOOM Analyzer 100kHz-230Mhz, 2Yrs Guarantee
$400
RigExpert AA-230 ZOOM Bluetooth Analyzer 100kHz-230Mhz, 2Yrs Guarantee
$450
Diabetes & Obesity Consultations
Dr Alex UR4LL Diabetes (SD2), fatty liver and obesity reversing online and email consultations. (Email UR4LL for details). If your email program does not pick up the "drgavva" email link, his address is "drgavva" followed by "@" and "gmail.com". Alternate email address is "ur4ll@gmx.com".
It is also possible to contact Dr Alex via Skype, address: alexgavva , WhatsAp, Telegram,Viber (+380-50-600-6677 Cell)
Or connect via Facebook
NOTE:
All parts are "new off shelf, old stock," never used, unless otherwise noted.
Prices are in USD, but payment in Euro and GBP are also acceptable at current exchange rate.
Delivery period to Europe is about 5-7 days; to US, shipment takes about 8-12 days.
Shipping is not included in cost shown; contact UR4LL for shipping cost.
73. Alex, UR4LL.
Copyright (C) ND2X/5 & UR4LL; all rights reserved
